Tlaloc the Aztec God of Rain and Fertility

Tlaloc (Tlà ¡-lock) was the Aztec rain god and one of the most ancient and widespread deities of all Mesoamerica. Tlaloc was thought to live on the top of the mountains, especially the ones always covered by clouds; and from there he sent down revivifying rains to the people below. Rain gods are found in most Mesoamerican cultures, and the origins of Tlaloc can be traced back to Teotihuacan and the Olmec. The rain god was called Chaac by the ancient Maya, and Cocijo by the Zapotec of Oaxaca. Tlalocs Characteristics The rain god was among the most important of the Aztec deities, governing the spheres of water, fertility, and agriculture. Tlaloc oversaw crop growth, especially maize, and the regular cycle of the seasons. He ruled over the 13-day sequence in the 260-day ritual calendar beginning with the day Ce Quiauitl (One Rain). Tlalocs female consort was Chalchiuhtlicue (Jade Her Skirt) who presided over freshwater lakes and streams. Archaeologists and historians suggest that the emphasis on this well-known god was a way for the Aztec rulers to legitimize their rule over the region. For this reason, they built a shrine to Tlaloc on the top of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan, just next to the one dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec patron deity. A Shrine in Tenochtitlan Tlalocs shrine at the Templo Mayor represented agriculture and water; while Huitzilopochtlis shrine represented warfare, military conquest, and tribute... These are the two most important shrines within their capital city. The shrine of Tlaloc featured pillars inscribed with symbols of Tlalocs eyes and painted with a series of blue bands. The priest who was tasked with tending to the shrine was the Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc tlamacazqui, one of the most highly ranked priests in the Aztec religion. Many offerings have been found associated with this shrine, containing sacrifices of water animals and artifacts such as jade objects, which were related to water, sea, fertility, and the underworld. A Place in the Aztec Heaven Tlaloc was assisted by a group of supernatural beings called Tlaloques who supplied the earth with rain. In Aztec mythology, Tlaloc was also the governor of the Third Sun, or world, which was dominated by water. After a great flood, the Third Sun ended, and people were replaced by animals such as dogs, butterflies, and turkeys. In the Aztec religion, Tlaloc governed the fourth heaven or sky, called Tlalocan, the Place of Tlaloc. This place is described in Aztec sources as a paradise of lush vegetation and perennial spring, ruled by the god and the Tlaloques. The Tlalocan was also the afterlife destination for those who had died violently of water-related causes as well as for new-born children and women who died in childbirth. Ceremonies and Rituals The most important ceremonies dedicated to Tlaloc were called Tozoztontli and they took place at the end of the dry season, in March and April. Their purpose was to assure abundant rain during the growing season. One of the most common rites carried out during such ceremonies were sacrifices of children, whose crying was considered beneficial for obtaining rain. The tears of new-born children, being strictly connected with the Tlalocan, were pure and precious. One offering found at the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan included the remains of approximately 45 children sacrificed in honor of Tlaloc. These children ranged in age between two and seven years of age and were mostly but not entirely males. This was an unusual ritual deposit, and Mexican archaeologist Leonardo Là ³pez Lujà ¡n has suggested that the sacrifice was specifically to appease Tlaloc during the great drought that occurred during the mid-15th century C.E. Mountain Shrines Apart from the ceremonies carried out at the Aztec Templo Mayor, offerings to Tlaloc have been found in several caves and on mountain peaks. The most sacred shrine of Tlaloc was located on the top of Mount Tlaloc, an extinct volcano located east of Mexico City. Archaeologists investigating on the top of the mountain have identified the architectural remains of an Aztec temple which seem to have been aligned with the Tlaloc shrine at the Templo Mayor. This shrine is enclosed in a precinct where pilgrimages and offerings were carried out once a year by each Aztec king and his priests. Tlaloc Images The image of Tlaloc is one of the most often represented and easily recognizable in Aztec mythology, and similar to rain gods in other Mesoamerican cultures. He has large goggled eyes whose contours are made of two serpents which meet at the center of his face to form his nose. He also has large fangs hanging from his mouth and a protuberant upper lip. He is often surrounded by raindrops and by his assistants, the Tlaloques. He often holds a long scepter in his hand with a sharp tip which represents lightning and thunder. His representations are frequently found in the Aztec books known as codices, as well as in murals, sculptures, and copal incense burners. Sources Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Millar M and Taube KA. 1993. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. London: Thames and HudsonSmith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Hasson Case Essay - 1425 Words

Case Study Analysis Paper-Why Didnt We Know? Table of Contents Problem Identification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Situation Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Proble m Identification: In the case study Why Didnt We Know, there are a number of problems that the company Galvetrens faced. First, the companys policy for the confidential reporting of misconduct is flawed, and as a result, it leaves employees vulnerable to being retaliated against. Furthermore,†¦show more content†¦The case study by Hasson et al. (2007) advises that employees could contact their supervisor or manager without censor or retaliation (p.3). The additions of the hotline and ethics officer were supposed to be encouraged. However, employees bypassing the hotline and reporting process showed evidence of passive group traits. Engleberg and Wynn state that when group members lack confidence, they will follow directions regardless of whether they go against their own judgment, and they also experience high stress levels with group communication (p. 68). Harry Mart, Galvatrens COO who was first informed about the possible misconducts, didn’t act as a responsib le leader. Instead of taking Mike Fields message seriously, he ignored his message. According to Engleberg and Wynn (2007), effective leaders who are proactive listeners â€Å"don’t wait for disputes to escalate into destructive conflict; they intervene at the slightest hint of hostility† (p.195). Harry Mart’s reaction to Mike Fields message also indicates that the changes brought under new management to advance the company’s procedures and to prevent misconducts and conflicts didn’t transmit effectively to the company’s leadership. the new leadership, the company was transforming to adopt an open door system that encouraged employees to raise their concerns to their superiors. However, Harry Mart’s disregard for Mike Fields’ concern indicates that theShow MoreRelatedHasson Private Label Case Answers760 Words   |  4 PagesHasson Private Label Case 1. Hansson Private Label already has a 28% share of the private label personal care products. So they are a pretty big player in the industry. 2. In 2008 the FCF will be -57817 followed by -12378 in 2009. Then in 2010 the FCF will finally be positive at 5939. The free cash flow will slowly increase so that in 2018 the free cash flow will be 12783. The free cash flows for all the years will be included in a table in the appendix. We think that his projectionsRead MoreAssignment3 Why Didn T We Know1891 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Why didn’t we know by Ralph Hasson Analysis of what Galvatrens company should do to strength its system for uncovering misconduct and what roles that management and the board should play? Sivakumar Venugopal Robert Morris University Author Note This Assignment was prepared for Information Technology Governance taught by Professor Dr.Karen Paullet. Abstract Galvatrens, a consumer products company in Houston, has a whistle-blowers lawsuit on its hands. Mike Fields, a former divisional salesRead MoreDiabetes : A Major Health Problem1296 Words   |  6 Pagesform of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90-95% of cases. 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The Aging Population in the United States and Its Effect...

Managerial Economics ORG 342 The Aging Population in the United States and its Effect on our Economy July 20, 2010 Aging Population 1 The population in the United States is aging at an unprecedented pace. For the first time in history, seventy percent of everyone who has ever lived is alive today (Isidro, 2009). The aging population and their imminent retirement will place an even greater strain on the country’s financial resources. The baby boomers; people born between 1946 and 1964 have influenced our economy by their sheer number. As this age group matures and enters their retirement years, an economic shift is inevitable. Not only will changes be seen in government programs such as social security, Medicare, and†¦show more content†¦Major government transfer programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid disproportionately benefit the elderly, while expenditures on public education disproportionately benefit the young. With the trend of our population entering the older age group, even more funds will be allocated to the elderly. With the younger generation being fewer in number , the government consumption in public education Aging Population 4 will be reduced, somewhat off setting the rising expenses for the older age group. Unfortunately the decrease in the number of school age children will be much less than the increasing numbers of people reaching retirement age, so the transfer of funds may be insignificant. In 1986, The Center for Mature Consumer Studies was established for the purpose of understanding the consumption behavior of the aging population. Its mission is to generate and disseminate information that can help organizations improve the efficiency of their marketing activities and enhance the well being of older adults (Brock, 2010). Once portrayed as unhealthy and unproductive, this generation is now being seen as contributors and a viable consumer group. 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Everything is new for them, everything were tested at their country but the question is. Will U.S economy will eventually fall in the future or will they be even stand out highly than any country? The answer is Yes, every country with its own level will eventually fall ‘cause not every time we are success in our own thoughts. Some might goes higher and some might goes lower as we expectedRead MoreGlobalization Is The Coming Together Of All Cultures From The World And The Sharing Of Knowledge3010 Words   |  13 Pagestrade, capital, people, culture flowing across borders, and an ever more integrated economy† (Powell 2014). It also gave way for countries like China to open the market to sweatshop labor, which will be discussed later in the paper. Due to the advances in medicine and because of the increased attention and knowledge to health, people are living much longer than they used to. 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Sex in The Canterbury Tales Essay - 937 Words

Geoffrey Chaucer uses sex as a manipulative instrument in The Canterbury Tales. Portraying sex as a power that women exert over men rather than the marital bond of â€Å"making love† makes evident Chaucer’s skewed views of love and marriage with underlying tones of misogyny. He expresses these views throughout the work, however, the theme of love and sex is most evident in the sub-stories of The Wife of Bath and The Miller’s Tale. Chaucer breaks the topic of sex into two basic parts: carnality and romanticism. Although carnal love is a controversial topic, Chaucer dives into the subject by creating characters with ferocious appetites for sex and the means to accommodate their desires. Whereas, to address romanticism, he relies heavily on†¦show more content†¦Her views intensify both when she states that God gave the poor the gift of sex to use as means for gaining riches and when she expresses that genitals are â€Å"wise and perfect†; they are not simply made for reproduction â€Å"they were not made for nothing, safe to say† (Chaucer). Her topic of discussion swiftly shifts off of the topic of her views on sex to the topic of a man’s roll in marriage. She begins by comparing the wife to a debtor and the husband her slave, then stating that she will have unlimited power over his body during their marriage. The wife continues on with details of her five marriages to say that she previously had three unfit husbands and two fit husbands. Focusing less time telling about the unfit, she simply focuses her tale to tell of how she believes one should go about marriage- much like a business transaction. â€Å"By accepting the reduction of female sexuality to an instrument of manipulation, control and punishment† the wife gets what she wants through withholding sex. (Aers 148). The wife’s character in The Wife of Bath ultimately argues for Chaucer’s skewed representation of love, sex and marriage as seen in the Canterbury Tales. The manifestation of Chaucer’s perceptions lie in the actual tale as well as the prologue of The Wife of Bath when power is no more than momentarily relinquished to a man non-consensually through rape. 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Each person is represented to fit a unique type of behavior as shown by people during the medieval ages.   My attention was drawn to the Wife of Bath through which Chaucer notes the gender inequalities.   Predominantly, women could either choose to marry and become a childbearing wife or go intoRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. 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Dame Alison, the Wife of Bath, is a character created by Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales. She is a merchant who has an interest in profit, and uses sex and her many husbands to gain that profit. Alison has been married five times, and she is open to more, as sex is extremely important to her. â€Å"Welcome the sixteRead MoreChildrens Versions of The Cantebury Tales1465 Words   |  6 PagesBeing a work filled with an unprecedented â€Å"wealth of fascinating characters†, Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales has been translated and retold in many versions over the years (Cohen 7-8). Unavoidably translations and retelling require choices made by writers and editors of how to represent things and what to include, which can easily change aspects of the original story. The most difficult retellings may be versions written for children as writers not only have to deal with modernizing the language

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder According to Transactional...

Obsessive compulsive disorder is identified as a psychological dysfunction where a person experiences elaborated thoughts that intrude with their normative functioning ( ). These thoughts are typically rational however their constant recurrence can make it difficult for a person to accomplish tasks that are important in daily functioning. The manifestations of these thoughts are also observable though ritualized actions. Actions are also interfering and exhibit the OCD individuals constant struggle to neutralize their mood and reduce negative thinking (Ferrier Brewin, 2004). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy has been the most popular method of treatment among clinicians treating OCD however it is important to address the affects of†¦show more content†¦Constant thought interference is a strong precursor toward negative outcomes. An example is peers relations; during adolescence its very important. OCD Children will often miss out on opportunities to master social skills. During this developmental stage however establishing identification with others peers is necessary because its these earlier identifications with others that predicts self-assurance and well-being later in life. The basis of CBTs is that our thoughts cause our feelings and behavior to react the way it does. In the case of adolescents, CBT can be preventive and help them with isolation from school work, peers, and other school activities. This treatment is very helpful with alleviating thoughts that cause behavioral problems through interactive homework assignments and verbal exchange between the patient and therapist. Though CBT might not be as successful during the childhood stage of development, when limitation for future thoughts are less prevalent, during adolescence CBT should be more effective since this stage of development is where t he capacity for abstract thought emerges ( ). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can prevent developmental issues with OCD by voiding internal unwanted feelings. Studies have proven that Adults with OCD truly benefit from CBT. CBT helps the child to internalize a strategy for resisting OCD, however that is dependent on a clear understandingShow MoreRelatedPersonality Stability and Change in Trait Theories of Allport and Eysenck990 Words   |  4 Pagesintermediate stance assumes a bidirectional relationship between heredity and environment, which allows for both consistency and change in personality. Moreover, some theorists introduce a third element to a biosocial model - the individual (e.g. transactional model of socialization). Evaluation of personality stability is difficult, seeing lack of consensus on what personality is and how it should be measured even when it viewed through a similar framework. Examination of two trait theories of AllportRead Morequalitative and quantitative research methods1823 Words   |  8 Pagesis engaged in the world they investigate, creating an unstructured and reflective element to the research, where the researchers’ knowledge, emotive interactions, and past experiences all form a part of the research (Ponterotto, 2010, p.583). According to Guba and Lincoln (as cited in Ponterotto, 2005, p.128) there are four main research paradigms: postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism and the critical-ideological and positivism perspective. Of these four paradigms, positivism is solely

Preparing for academic success at a graduate level free essay sample

Being prepared and responsible may be challenging but can produce a greater reward of success in the future, if managed correctly. Graduate bevel Writing Ata graduate level responsibility and preparedness are very important. With the main goal being on gaining a degree at graduation, academic writing, knowing personal strengths and weaknesses, finding out and knowing ways to improve on weaknesses, time, and stress are among some of the crucial areas at a graduate level to not only be responsible for but to also be prepared for.Seeing that the occasion of graduation comes with many susceptibilities before-hand to reach that ending result, it makes sense that, the more serious the occasion the more preparation is required and the more responsibility you have for the occasion, the more preparation is required (Byrd, 2010). Graduate Level Different from Other Forms forfeiting A good source of responsibility to prepare for is academic writing. At a graduate level writing is different beca use there is a quality and integrity standard and a larger reading audience. As a graduate student writing is a main proponent to academic responsibility, preparedness, and success and it s important to remain authentic in writing style. Authenticity, in writing allows the writer to express a topic creatively and with integrity. But this comes with the challenge of knowing personal strengths and weaknesses when writing. Strengths and Weaknesses of Graduate Level Writing Weaknesses can include poor time management, being ill-prepared, misunderstandings of material and format, stresses in life, and laziness.While strengths can be researching, the codes and rules of proper American psychological Association (PAP) format, citations, and references. Characteristics of Graduate Level Writing When writing at a graduate level the responsibility of integrity should be at the highest priority. By knowing when writing, what part of the subject is common knowledge and what is deemed a major offense called plagiarism. Plagiarism is described in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary as the adoption of anothers ideas, works, or words without well deserved credit being given (2012).Using someone elses words or ideas and not giving due credit is a major infraction that a lot of students resort to whether intentionally or ignorantly. Plagiarism is usually due to poor time management or simple laziness. The suggested format style is American Psychological Association style or better known as PAP. Using the PAP style includes New Times Roman font, 1 inch margins, double spacing, title page, running head, citations, and references to name a few (PAP, 2010).Common knowledge is also often a part of graduate level writing and it is based on how many individuals would know a certain subject to be matter of fact (Purdue University Online, 2007). Being that the core to academic writing is to be authentic and to use integrity, applying PAP format to writing is an efficient way to avoid plagiarism and ivies freedom to write creativity and honestly and helps eliminate undue stresses. Balancing and Managing Time and Stress Time management is another great way to prepare and get rid of undue stresses that can lead to major offenses such as plagiarism.Procrastination is often a huge problem as a student. Procrastination is an area that shows poor time management and poor time management often leads to stress because things are not done in a timely manner (Scott, 201 1). Great ways to manage time for projects or events that come up is to get organized and try o stay that way, building a routine, practicing or forming a good time managing habits, proportioning by making a to-do list, and having a schedule or a personal planner (Scott, 2011).Having a balance in life is also a great way to manage time and reduce stress. Balancing exercise and eating better into the daily planner are great choices to make because eating better and exercise aid in thinking clearer which can help you make better choices (Scott, 201 1). Another part of balancing is knowing how and when to relax. Breathing exercises, working out, hobbies and interests, or just a quiet setting can remote wellness and relive stress leading to managing life with balance and fulfillment (Scott, 2011).In conclusion, areas of academic writing at a graduate level, time management, how to deal with stress and balancing life academically and personally can be challenging and intimidating at times. So many things can come to mind negatively when accomplishing goals, being responsible, and preparing for a future that cannot be seen yet. A wonderful quote letting an individual know who is holding back the steps to a better future is written by Marianne Williamson (1992) that states, Our deepest fear s not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure.It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small does not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people wont feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. Its not just in some of us; its in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same.

Business Communication Cross-Culture Communication

Question: Discuss about the Business Communicationfor Cross-Culture Communication. Answer: Introduction Communication can be defined as the process of sending and receiving information. The employees, managers and various executives have to regularly communicate with each other to run the business efficiently. Good communication system is important for an organization to run the business efficiently. The vital components of effective communication are transmission, reception and understanding of the communication meaning. The communication medium is also a vital component of the communication system. The companies can use a number of communication methods such as written methods like e-mails, internet or oral methods to communicate with their employees (Clampitt, 2016). However, the businesses are suffering from communication issues which are resulting in misunderstandings, hostilities and accusations. There are certain barriers to communication which appears when the person sending the message is using inappropriate communication style or medium. Issue of Cross-Culture Communication With globalization, the cultural difference is becoming the most significant issue in the business communication. In different cultures, the communication methods and style are entirely different. The multinational organizations require effective cross-cultural practices in the thriving global marketplace (Guffey Loewy, 2015). The globalization if the marketplace has created immense opportunities for the business organizations; however, ineffective communication across the border can negatively impact the employees, customers and other stakeholders. The issues in the cross-cultural communication arise due to the differences in the language and the behavior. Misunderstandings and misinterpretation is common in the communication between people who speak same language, so there is high probability for the communication issues among the people who communicate with different cultural backgrounds (Miller Gordon, 2014). The mispronunciation or misrepresentation of words can have result in misunderstanding between the communicating parties. Moreover, the behavior of two people from different cultural backgrounds is also different and can be misinterpreted differently. Body language and the gestures also have different meanings at different geographical locations (Guffey Loewy, 2017). The common gestures or body language at one place can be misinterpreted differently at other locations. It also includes differences in facial expressions such as use of nodding and eye contact. Other than that, there are also several stereotypes associated with the characteristics of certain culture. The stereotype is the generalization and assumption related to certain cultural groups. There are certain stereotypes which are negative and hostile and can adversely impact on the organization culture. They can also hamper effective workplace communication (Hurn Tomalin, 2013). It is a significant issue in the business communication. It is important that an organization establishes procedure and strategies to uplift the standard of business communication. The business communication entails all form of communication which is conducted for the commercial purpose of the organization. In the business communication, the information is relayed within an organization by its people (Newman, 2015). Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication The most common model to describe the cross-cultural communication is the Lewis Model which was developed in the early 1990s. After thorough study of the human behavior and cultures in different locations, Richard Lewis categorized the human behavior in three distinct categories. These categories were not based on the nationality and the religion but on the behavior of the people. The different categories in this model were named as Linear-Active, Multi-Active and Reactive. The model posits that in the accumulation of the distinct features of different cultures, the scholars have created confusion and reduced the clarity and succinctness of the dimensions of different cultures. In the linear-active group, the English speaking people qualify. These people are highly assertive, plan everything ahead of time and are direct in their communication. These people believe in hiding their feelings in the professional world and focuses on truth and diplomacy. They are egoist in nature and do n ot like to lose blames and accusations. They differentiate their social and professional lives and show limited body language. The people in this category are often impatient and stick to facts and evidence-based data (Lewis, 2010). All the major countries of Asia except Indian subcontinent fall under the second category of multi-active society. The people in this category are highly talkative and prefer to multitask. They also believe in making rough outlines and plans rather than focusing on small details. They do not hide their feelings and events of personal lives. They are people-oriented and give emphasis on their feelings rather than facts. They are often ready for good excuses and have highly expressive body language. On the other hand, the multi-active population is highly scattered and includes the people of Southern Europe, Mediterranean Countries such as South America, Africa and the Gulf countries (Krizan et al, 2010). It also includes the people of India and Pakistan. Although the people in these groups are diverse geographically, there are differences in religion, belief and values. These people follow the same pattern and traits such as high emotion, talkativeness, body language, giving importance to religion and family bond (Zhu, 2015). The Lewis model of cross-culture communication can be used by the human resource managers in the recruitment drive and combating the issues of miscommunication in the workplace. It can be used by the individual in understanding the differences in the cultures of different countries. T can also be used to analyze the affinity and the deviation from the national norm and the compatibility with the people of different cultures (Reinhard, 2016). Conclusion It can be concluded that the effectiveness of business communication is critical for the business success. In the present times of globalization, the companies are needed to examine the impact of cultural differences on the efficacy of communication. The differences in the communication regarding the language, gestures and body language can result in misinterpretation of message. The Lewin model of cross cultural difference classifies the human behavior in three categories. It can be used by the HR managers to effectively manage the communication in workplace. References Miller, V.D., Gordon, M.E. (2014). Meeting the Challenge of Human Resource Management: A Communication Perspective. Routledge. Clampitt, P.G. (2016). Communicating for Managerial Effectiveness: Challenges | Strategies | Solutions. SAGE Publications. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2015). Essentials of Business Communication. Cengage Learning. Guffey, M.E., Loewy, D. (2017). Business Communication: Process Product. Cengage Learning. Hurn, B., Tomalin, B. (2013). Cross-Cultural Communication: Theory and Practice. Springer. Lewis, R. (2010). When Cultures Collide, Third Edition: Leading Across Cultures. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Newman, A. (2015). Business Communication: In Person, In Print, Online. Cengage Learning. Reinhard, K. (2016). How the Swedish culture affects education in compulsory schools: Between welfare and the will to succeed. GRIN Verlag. Zhu, P. (2015). Digital Master: Debunk the Myths of Enterprise Digital Maturity. Lulu Press, Inc. Business Communication Krizan, A.C.B. et al. (2010). Business Communication Series. Cengage Learning.